{"id":5717,"date":"2023-12-11T10:27:58","date_gmt":"2023-12-11T08:27:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/almenda.org\/?p=5717"},"modified":"2023-12-15T08:47:56","modified_gmt":"2023-12-15T06:47:56","slug":"shkilni-muzei-na-okupovanomu-pivdni-yak-propaganda-rosii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/almenda.org\/en\/shkilni-muzei-na-okupovanomu-pivdni-yak-propaganda-rosii\/","title":{"rendered":"School museums in the occupied South: how Russia uses historical memory as a propaganda vehicle"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Author: Anastasiia Vorobiova, the analyst<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While studying  the instrumentalization of education in the Russia-occupied territories, we repeatedly recorded<\/a> how the Russian Federation uses distorted historical narratives as the instrument of its own propaganda in the occupied territories. This also applies to teaching history, where Ukraine is called an \u201cultranationalist state\u201d, and to installation of commemorative<\/a> plaques to participants of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the facades of secondary education institutions, which should remind Ukrainian children of the \u201chonor\u201d of dying for Russia. From the summer of 2023, the opening of school museums that are supposed to teach \u201ctrue Russian patriotism\u201d was added to the methods of teaching Ukrainian children the narratives distorted by Russia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this material, we will tell why exactly Russia creates school \u201cmuseums of victory\u201d, such as the \u201cSpecial Military Operation corner\u201d that appeared in the school of the temporarily occupied city of Skadovsk, and why such actions are illegal from the point of view of international law.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The role of museums <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In 2014, the special rapporteur on cultural rights, Farida Shaheed, issued the report on memorialization processes<\/a>, in which she highlighted the problem of using museums for political purposes, in particular, for propaganda of political aspirations, when the exhibition is used for specific interpretation of historical events. In the context of museums, countries should refrain from political control and financial pressure. Although the status of school museum is different from the classical one, the school museums can have additional responsibility regarding the neutrality of the exhibition, because their location inside the educational institutions presumes an educational function, as their main audience is children, who, in their nature, are more susceptible to external influences. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In other words, the process of memorialization concerns not only purely cultural rights, but is also closely related to personal freedoms, such as the right to freedom of thought, the right to the free expression of views, and in the context of children \u2013 the right to identity and the right to education (which is especially relevant for school museums and memorials). The regime of occupation which currently exists in the territory of the Russia-controlled South of Ukraine provides for a very limited opportunity for the occupier state to implement changes in the functioning of the occupied territories, demanding respect for existing laws and orders. According to the logic of international humanitarian law (IHL), these rules should<\/a> be applied to education, as well as to preserving historical memory \u2013 and these are the rules Russia neglects, transferring educational institutions to Russian teaching standards and introducing its own understanding of \u201chistorical truth\u201d, enshrined<\/a> by Russian legislation in institutions of education and culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Instead, school museums in Russia are used as another instrument for distorting historical narratives and imposing them on children and youth, as evidenced even by Russian officials themselves. They transfer these practices to the occupied territories of Ukraine in order to educate \u201ctrue patriots of Russia\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

School museums in the Russian Federation: from historical and cultural institutions to centers of propaganda. <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The formation of the state order for creation of museum expositions and exhibitions, aimed at military-patriotic education of youth was<\/a> stipulated by the Russian \u201cConcept of Patriotic Education\u201d of 2015. The process of instrumentalization of school museums intensified<\/a> in 2019 through the \u201cSchool museum of Victory\u201d project, which is being implemented by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, the Moscow \u201cMuseum of Victory\u201d and the Russian Military Historical Society. Also, school museums are a part of the federal project \u201cPatriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation\u201d of the national project \u201cEducation\u201d, approved personally by Vladimir Putin. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

School museums, which are opened in educational institutions throughout Russia, are \u201cimportant assistants in the work on preserving cultural and historical memory\u201d, as was stated <\/a>personally by the Minister of Education of the Russian Federation \u2013 Sergey Kravtsov:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201cWe pay great attention to patriotic education of youth and preservation of cultural and historical memory. School museums are great assistants in this work. They are centers of education and upbringing in educational organizations\u2026 Excursions to school museums allow to form children\u2019s moral values, expand their horizons, teach them to treat country\u2019s history with respect\u201d (note \u2013 author\u2019s translation).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The first deputy Minister of Education of the Russian Federation, Aleksander Bugaev, said<\/a> that there are currently 22,000 school museums in Russia, which help instilling \u201clove for the great and small Fatherland\u201d among children and educate \u201ctrue patriots\u201d. According to Putin\u2019s order<\/a>, school museums must be opened in every region of the Russian Federation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The All-Russian program<\/a> \u201cSchool museum of Victory\u201d is special \u2013 it is dedicated to the history of the so-called \u201cGreat Patriotic War\u201d, the myth of which is currently used by the Russian federation to justify the current war against Ukraine [note: Russia is consistently denying its involvement in the Second World War and its role in unleashing the war and dividing Poland according to the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. Instead, Russia is presenting itself as a victim of Hitler\u2019s \u201cunprovoked aggression\u201d in 1941 and the \u201cworld savior from Nazism\u201d as the only true USSR successor state]. By \u201cde-Nazifying\u201d Ukraine during the so-called \u201cspecial operation\u201d, the Russians are allegedly continuing the \u201cfeats of ancestors\u201d during the \u201cGreat Patriotic War\u201d. Small museums created in schools, in an \u201caccessible and interesting form\u201d tell schoolchildren about \u201chistorical truth of the Great Patriotic War\u201d, about the importance of succession of \u201cfeats of grandfathers and great-grandfathers\u201d, who saved the world from Nazism. Participation in the all-Russian program gives access not only to the exhibitions, but also to the on-line program: participation in various activities, forums, quizzes, and teachers are provided with methodological manuals and online lessons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

School museums in the territory of the occupied South of Ukraine <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Since June 2023, the \u201cschool museum of Victory\u201d program<\/a> has been operating in the occupied Kherson region, which is implemented with the support of the \u201cUnited Russia\u201d party. The curator<\/a> of the project is Oksana Moroz<\/strong> \u2013 the member of the Presidium of the Regional Branch of the \u201cUnited Russia\u201d party and \u201cthe Head of the Department of Education of the Skadovsk Municipal District\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The first exhibition of the \u201cSchool Museum of Victory\u201d in the occupied part of Kherson region was<\/a> opened on June 2, 2023, in Henichesk sanatorium boarding school. State Duma deputy, \u201cSecretary of the regional branch of the \u201cUnited Russia\u201d party\u201d, Igor Kastiukevich noted<\/a> that museum has not only wall exhibits, but also a whole range of activities in on-line format, including contests, excursions, methodological recommendations, movies and lessons. The exhibition also shows the use of \u201cSt. George\u2019s ribbon\u201d, which is banned in Ukraine, and which is a symbol of the Russian aggression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

On June 30, 2023, second \u201cMuseum of Victory\u201d was<\/a> opened in Skadovsk School No. 1, the purpose of which is the formation of \u201ccitizens and patriots of Russia with their own values, views, orientations, attitudes, motives of activity and behavior\u201d<\/em>, as well as \u201cthe development of patriotic, civic, spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren\u201d <\/em>in accordance with the Russian patterns and standards. Participants of the opening ceremony were students of school\u2019s cadet classes (the first cadet class<\/a> under the patronage of the Investigative Committee of Russia was opened in May 2023), as well as members of \u201cYoung Army\u201d and \u201cMovement of the First\u201d. During the ceremony, the above-mentioned curator of the project, Oksana Moroz, emphasized<\/a> that the history of the \u201cGreat Patriotic War\u201d in Russian interpretation is the element of identity, which unites \u201ctrue Russians\u201d who \u201calways win\u201d. This narrative is particularly dangerous, because the Russian government actively uses<\/a> the image of succession between a Soviet soldier and the Russian serviceman, and discredits the Ukrainian government as \u201cfascist\u201d, as if the current war is a continuation of the same \u201cGreat Patriotic War\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u0412<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In September 2023, the third \u201cMuseum of Victory\u201d in the region was opened<\/a> in Prymorska School in the temporarily occupied Skadovsk with the support of the branch of the \u201cUnited Russia\u201d party in the temporarily occupied Kherson region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the time of writing this material, \u201cMuseums of Victory\u201d have not been opened in Zaporizhzhia region, but a personnel reserve is already being prepared for their opening. For example, children from the temporarily occupied Melitopol (as well as other territories occupied by Russia), in particular \u2013 students of historical special fields, too<\/a>k part in \u201cSchool of Memory Preservation\u201d of the \u201cIstoki\u201d (\u201cOrigins\u201d) forum. The forum takes<\/a> place  with the support of the President of the Russian federation, Vladimir Putin, and the Moscow \u201cMuseum of Victory\u201d, which curates the projects related to school \u201cmuseums of victory\u201d, acted as the general partner of the \u201cSchool of Memory Preservation\u201d session, therefore, within this program, special attention was paid to volunteer museum work in schools, libraries and higher education institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Also, the \u201cUnited Russia\u201d party launched the \u201cNew School\u201d project in the occupied part of Zaporizhzhia region, which monitors<\/a> school museums in the region in order to assess their condition and find \u201cbetter practical solutions for the integration into the All-Russian system of spiritual values\u201d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u201cThis whole project is aimed at making children really aware of the history that belongs to them and which they are actually a part of. That is because for many years it all was ignored, diverted into other channels. And we are kind of returning to our origins. We are filling what was lost under the previous government\u201d \u2013 said Dmitry Savets, principal of Melitopol school No.9 named after Yuri Gagarin (note \u2013 author\u2019s translation).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The project was implemented<\/a> in the schools of the region, in particular, in the museum of Botiyevo school of Pryazovske Raion, where exhibits from the times of the \u201cGreat Patriotic War\u201d are presented. In museum<\/a> of school No. 4, in Voznesenka village, a Russian flag is displayed in the museum premises. In general, school museums actively use Soviet and Russian paraphernalia, thus normalizing it among young residents of the occupied territories. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSpecial Military Operation\u201d and patriotism in every school.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the creation of museums that tell Russian version of the history of World War II, memorials to the \u201cheroes\u201d of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which Russia calls \u201cSpecial Military Operation\u201d, are created in schools and cultural institutions of the occupied South. That is, a<\/a> corner of the so-called \u201cSpecial Military Operation in school museum\u201d was created in Skadovsk school No. 1. Now, among the exhibits, one can see parts of the stricken \u201cHimars\u201d (which allegedly \u201cshot at civilians\u201d) and other ammunition. In the future, the \u201ccorner\u201d should be extended with personal stories of \u201cHeroes of the Special Military Operation\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

In Skadovsk school No. 3, the \u201cPartizanskaya Iskra\u201d (\u201cPartisan Spark\u201d) museum was opened<\/a>, where there is, in particular, an exhibition, dedicated to \u201cPioneer heroes\u201d \u2013 the Soviet glorification of children\u2019s participation in active hostilities. Russian and Soviet symbols are also present in the museum. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPatriotic corners\u201d are opened not only of purely historical topics. In Skadovsk Children\u2019s Musical School, you can see<\/a> a portrait of Putin with a Russian Flag, as well as the inscription \u201cOur country is Russia\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u0423\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

There are patriotic corners dedicated<\/a> to \u201cHeroes of Special Military Operation\u201d in libraries of Kakhovka district: in libraries of Zelena Rubanivka, Chervony Pid (in 2016 the village was renamed as \u2018Zeleny Pid\u2019, but under Russian occupation the old Soviet name \u2018Krasny perekopsk\u2019 is being used) Semenivka, Tsukury, Kamianka and Vilna Ukraina, thematic stands were created. In the patriotic corners, located in plain sight, information about participants of the Russian-Ukrainian war was placed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Russia uses historical memory as the instrument to manipulate the consciousness of residents of the occupied territories, and as a kind of \u201cmarker\u201d through which Russia tries to legitimize the occupation of Ukrainian territories \u2013 by presenting the current war as \u201crestoring historical truth\u201d and \u201ccontinuing the fight against Nazism\u201d. School museums dedicated to the topic of the \u201cGreat Patriotic War\u201d should popularize this myth among schoolchildren who remained in the occupied territories and are forced to attend schools that teach according to the Russian standards. This can not only be qualified as a violation of the norms of International Humanitarian Law regarding ensuring the \u201cnormal functioning of educational institutions\u201d, but also a violation of the children\u2019s rights to preserve their own identity and cultural identity. By visiting Russian exhibitions in school museums and walking past \u201cpatriotic corners\u201d, Ukrainian children should acquire the skill of a true Russian patriot who will be ready to follow the \u201cfeat of ancestors\u201d who freed the world from Nazism. And since 2014, Russia has been consistently labeling Ukrainians as \u201cNazis\u201d. Therefore, school \u201cmuseums of victory\u201d in the occupied territories are so dangerous \u2013 because under the wrapping of history of the events that happened 80 years ago children are instilled with a distorted understanding of the present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The publication was prepared by the \u201cCentre of civil education \u201cAlmenda\u201d as part of the \u201cRuined Childhood: Approaching Justice\u201d project. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of the NGO \u201cCentre of civil education \u201cAlmenda\u201d and does not necessarily reflect the position of Civil Rights Defenders.<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Author: Anastasiia Vorobiova, the analyst While studying  the instrumentalization of education in the Russia-occupied territories, we repeatedly recorded how the Russian Federation uses distorted historical narratives as the instrument of its own propaganda in the occupied territories. This also applies to teaching history, where Ukraine is called an \u201cultranationalist state\u201d, and to installation of commemorative […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1109,"featured_media":5727,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[39],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSchool museums in the occupied South: how Russia uses historical memory as a propaganda vehicle - Almenda<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"About how school museums of Russia in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine became another method of propagating Russian narratives\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/almenda.org\/en\/shkilni-muzei-na-okupovanomu-pivdni-yak-propaganda-rosii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"School museums in the occupied South: how Russia uses historical memory as a propaganda vehicle\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"About how school museums of Russia in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine became another method of propagating Russian narratives\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/almenda.org\/en\/shkilni-muzei-na-okupovanomu-pivdni-yak-propaganda-rosii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Almenda\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-12-11T08:27:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-12-15T06:47:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/almenda.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0442\u044f-\u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0456\u0308-\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0306\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0456\u0308-\u043f\u0440\u043e-\u0448\u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456-\u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0456\u0308-\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0456\u0308-\u043d\u0430-\u0422\u041e\u0422-\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0456\u0308\u043d\u0438_\u0410\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"924\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0456\u044f \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0439\u043e\u0432\u0430\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u0410\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0456\u044f \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0439\u043e\u0432\u0430\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/almenda.org\/en\/shkilni-muzei-na-okupovanomu-pivdni-yak-propaganda-rosii\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/almenda.org\/en\/shkilni-muzei-na-okupovanomu-pivdni-yak-propaganda-rosii\/\",\"name\":\"[:uk]\u0428\u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0457 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u041f\u0456\u0432\u0434\u043d\u0456: \u044f\u043a \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0456\u044f \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u2019\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438[:en]School museums in the occupied South: how Russia uses historical memory as a propaganda vehicle[:] - 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